The Goal of ELT in Outer or Expanding Circle Essay

The Goal of ELT in Outer or Expanding Circle - Essay Example At present, English could well be called as a multi-ethnic, multi-national and, multi-cultural language. It is still the connecting thread of the shrinking world, which is a product of advanced information and communication technologies (ICTs). English language teaching too has become a complex and controversial issue as the influence of English continues to grow. In this essay I am going to provide evidence that the goal of ELT in Outer or Expanding Circle should not be the Native-Like use of language. Since we are living with not only 'English' but indigenized varieties of 'Englishes' in today's world, this, in my view, is better understood with greater grasp of the concepts of World Englishes (WEs) and English as a Lingua Franca (ELF). Later on, the paper will probe more to the conceptual similarities and differences of WEs and ELF and the very common controversies around these phenomena. Further, I would look more closely into the implications of WEs/ELF on Teachers of English to speakers of other languages (TESOL). This would be a segment where this essay deals with the association, inclusion and involvement of them both in today's ELT. Then, the paper will also deal with the (in)appropriateness of native Standard English in expanding and outer circles with arguments for and against the native norms. At the same time, the need to incorpo rate World Englishes and English as a Lingua Franca in testing would be discussed. Finally, the paper will hold a critical view of the native versus non-native teachers of English.The traditional view had that the correct form of English was the language used by educated British or American natives the so called Native Speakers (NS). Thus, indicating that the learners of the English language, who are, in fact, Non-Native Speakers (NNS) must follow the norms of the NS. So, one began consider NS to be the best teachers of the language, as they were the best models of the language using and they had reliable linguistic knowledge. As a result, Parents were willing to pay huge amount for their children to be taught English by native teachers, while schools considered it as abetter investment to employ native English teachers than the local English teachers.However, now the scenario has widely changed, though Rinvolucri (2008) believe we should continue to use the current 'standard native ' model in language teaching and learning, others, for example Barbra Seidlhofer (2004) and Jennifer Jenkins (2005) believe we must take stock of what is happening to English and its users, recognise the change and begin to describe and codify a new model such as a lingua Franca (ELF), which reflects how English is used by the majority of users in the world. The Concept of World Englishes (WEs) and English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) The history of world Englishes is backed to the end of the region of Queen Elizabeth I in sixteen century when English language was spoken by 'a relatively small group of mother-tongue speakers born and bred within the shore of British Isle' Jenkins (2003: 2) but nowadays it is spoken in almost all over the world. According to Jenkins (2003), the global spread of English has been viewed as two Diaspora.

Theater and war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theater and war - Essay Example The play starts off in a club, in Vietnam, and it was during a period before the Americans were removed from Saigon. The main theme that was brought out in the play was love. A seventeen year old orphan by the name Kim was working in the club, and there she met the engineer. At the same time, other ladies are preparing themselves for the nights show. The Americans knew that they were leaving Vietnam soon, and they were enjoying themselves with the prostitutes (Behr and Mark 95). Through the persuasion of John Thomas, Chris Scott who was a sergeant met Kim. He could be able to tell that Kim was a naive girl, but he dragged her in a room. Chris lamented on why God allowed him to meet Kim as they were almost leaving Vietnam. He persuaded her not to sell her body in the club because he wanted to marry her. Despite the risk that Saigon would be taken over by Vietnamese Chris was left behind and he traded a visa for Kim to move to America. Eventually, Chris married Kim in a wedding ceremon y (Behr and Mark 101). All my sons theatrical play The play all my sons are articles written by Arthur Miller, which describes betrayal to the American by Joe Keller. These events took place during the World War 2, where Joe Keller allowed his company to trade unworthy aero plane cylinders to be used by the United States armed forces. This caused the death of the American pilots who were more than twenty. Steve who was a business partner to Joe had noticed the unworthy parts, but Joe went ahead and allowed the shipment of the faulty parts. It was for this reason that the pilots died, and the two were arrested. However, Joe managed to release himself and the blame shifted to Steve. One of the main characters in the play is Kate Keller. She took part and the title mother in the play. She was described as the wife to Joe Keller and a mother to Chris and Larry. She lost her son Larry in the war and despite the fact that she had a successful man and another son she could not forget her s on Larry. She demonstrated more great issues than grief for the loss of her son, which was shown by her self-denial and delusions (Miller 7). She took her husband’s secret as a burden and still tried to show a clear conscience of an untroubled woman to the world. She tried to hide suspicion and nervousness, and this led to her suffering from nightmares and severe headaches (Miller 10). She had a character of self-preservation which developed her fantasies towards Larry. She still had hope of the return of Larry and feels threatened when someone close to Larry failed to share her confidence. Stage make ups and war plays A stage makeup is the mode of painting the stage to bring out the message in the play. It entirely involves the paintings, drawings and the costumes of the actors. The stage makeup plays a very major role in bringing out the appearance the actors want to portray. It also helps the public in understanding the message behind the play. The paintings and the drawin gs at the stage should be designed such that they explain the message of the play in a simpler way that will enable each and every person to understand. War plays are plays that are constructed to preach peace and reconciliation especially in regions that have recently faced warfare. The stage makeup

Factors Affecting The Rate Of Enzymes Activity Biology Essay

Factors Affecting The Rate Of Enzymes Activity Biology Essay Enzymes are catalysts made within the human body. Catalysts naturally, lower the activation energy required for reactions. The lower the activation energy is, the faster the rate of reaction is, and therefore enzymes speed up reactions in the body by lowering the activation energy required. (Diet-Health.net) There are many factors that contribute to the rate of reaction of an enzyme. Factors include: concentration of the enzyme, temperature, pH level, concentration of the substrate, and inhibitors. This lab shows the affects these factors have on the rate of reaction between catalase, an enzyme found in potatoes, and hydrogen peroxide, the substrate. The specific enzyme that was studied during this lab was catalase. Catalase is a naturally occurring enzyme that is found in many living organisms such as plants and the human body. Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide, a very harmful oxidizing agent for cells (Catalase). A single catalase molecule can break down millions of hydrogen peroxide molecules in a given moment. Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is a natural waste product which forms when the body breaks down fatty acids and converts that into energy. Hydrogen peroxide also forms when white blood cells break down and kill bacteria in the body. Catalase is also helpful in prevent the formation of carbon dioxide bubbles in the blood. Catalase can help break down other harmful chemicals in the body such as alcohol, phenol, and formaldehyde (VitaminStuff.com). As mentioned before, enzymes play a significant role in organic chemistry. Catalase is one of the most recognized enzymes found in living organisms. This lab provides the clear and understandable information of the enzyme being studied, catalase, and proves the affects of the factors that contribute to an enzymes rate of reaction. Part 1: Change in Enzyme Concentration Table 1: Enzyme concentration compositions Distance (cm) Time (s) Rate of Change (cm/s) Other observations 100 % concentration (10 mL potato juice) 8 cm 3.02 s 2.65 cm/s bubbles appeared 80 % concentration (8 mL potato juice, 2 mL distilled water) 8 cm 5.06 s 1.58 cm/s fewer bubbles than previous composition 60 % concentration (6 mL potato juice, 4 mL distilled water) 8 cm 6.28 s 1.27 cm/s fewer bubbles than previous composition 40% concentration (4 mL potato juice, 6 mL distilled water) 8 cm 7.5 s 1.07 cm/s fewer bubbles than previous composition 20% concentration (2 mL potato juice, 8 mL distilled water) 8 cm 19.65 s 0.41 cm/s no bubbles appeared Graph 1: Analysis 1: According to the observation graph 1, the major trend shows that as the concentration of the catalase, which is in the potato juice, increases there is also an increase in the rate of reaction. As the concentration of the catalase decreased, the rate of reaction also decreased. Part 2: Change in Temperature Table 2: Temperature ( °C) Distance (cm) Time (s) Rate of Reaction (cm/s) 10.0 8.00 5.85 1.38 21.0 8.00 4.83 1.66 35.0 8.00 2.99 2.68 50.0 8.00 4.21 1.90 80.0 8.00 5.52 1.45 Graph 2: Analysis 2: Observation graph 2 shows the relationship between the environmental temperature and the rate of reaction. According to the observation chart the optimal temperature was 35 °C. The optimal temperature being the temperature at which the enzyme reacted the fastest. Any temperature higher or lower than 35 °C, the catalase molecules did not react as fast. Part 3: Change in pH Level Table 3: Amount of H2O2 (mL) Amount of Distilled Water (mL) Amount of pH Buffer (mL) pH Level Vertical Distance Travelled by Filter Paper Towards Meniscus Time taken by filter paper disc to move to meniscus (s) Upward velocity of Filter Paper Disc (cm/s) 10 mL 5 mL 7 (Control) 8.15 6.6 1.23 10 mL 5 mL 2 7.98.15 16.65 0.47 10 mL 5 mL 4 8.15 7.05 1.16 10 mL 5 mL 9 8.1 10.4 0.78 10 mL 5 mL 12 7.85 8.14 0.96 Graph 3: Analysis 3: According to graph 3, the optimal value was the pH level of 7. At the pH level of 7, the rate of reaction was the fastest, any pH level higher or lower than that of 7 the enzymes rate of reaction would decrease. This relationship was much like that of the temperatures, anything above or below the optimal value the rate of reaction decreases. Part 4: Change in Substrate Concentration Table 4: Concentration of H202 of Distilled Water Trial Time of catalase to travel from the bottom of the test tube to the top (s) Distance of bottom of test tube to substrate(cm) Rate of change of the catalyzed reaction (cm/s) 15 mL of H202 3% 1 5.89 8.0 1.36 2 6.86 8.0 1.17 Total 6.38 8.0 1.27 13 mL of H202 2.6% 1 8.13 8.0 0.98 2 7.11 8.0 1.13 Total 7.62 8.0 1.01 10 mL of H202 2% 1 8.65 8.0 0.87 2 12.8 8.0 0.63 Total 10.73 8.0 0.75 7.5 mL of H202 1.5% 1 9.43 8.0 0.84 2 12.53 8.0 0.64 Total 10.98 8.0 0.74 5 mL of H202 1% 1 10.37 8.0 0.77 2 12.88 8.0 0.62 Total 12.63 8.0 0.70 Graph 4: Analysis 4: According to graph 4, as the concentration of the substrate (hydrogen peroxide) increases the rate of reaction also increases. This relationship was much like that of the change in enzyme concentration. Part 5: Addition of an Inhibitor Table 5: Experiment Number Amount of Inhibitor (copper (II) sulfate drops) Time (s) Distance (cm) Rate of change (cm/s) 1 0 4.13 8.0 1.94 2 1 4.68 8.0 1.71 3 5 5.57 8.0 1.44 4 10 6.66 8.0 1.20 5 15 8.57 8.0 0.93 Graph 5: Analysis 5: According to graph 5, as there was an increase in the drops of copper (II) sulphate (the inhibitor for this lab) there was a decrease in the rate of reaction. This was due to the fact that the copper (II) sulphate blocked the active site of the catalase. Evaluation: Conclusion For each part of the lab, there were hypothesis made in the beginning of the experiments. Each experiment was done and observed and a conclusion was reached on whether the hypothesis for the experiment made sense and was proven. Part 1: Change in Enzyme Concentration Hypothesis: If there was an increase in the concentration of the catalase, then there would be an increase in the rate of reaction. This hypothesis was proven to be true. As there was an increase in the concentration of the enzyme, the catalase, there was an increase in the rate of reaction. This was due to the fact that there were more catalase enzymes available for the substrates to bind to and soon react with. The concentration of the substrate was maintained at the naturally available concentration, there were no changes made. That meant that there were more active sites available to the substrates to bind to. The more the active sites there were, the more substrates were being reacted at the same time, therefore decreasing the time it took to fully react with all the substrate molecules. Table 2: Change in temperature Hypothesis: If the temperature of the environment surrounding the reaction increases the rate of reaction will also increase, until it reaches the optimal point, the point at which the rate of reaction will start to decrease. The hypothesis was proven to be true as well. The rate of reaction did increase until it reached the optimal point. At the optimal point (35 °C) the rate of reaction was the highest, which meant the most number of hydrogen peroxide molecules were reacting with the enzymes during the experiment at that specific temperature. In other words, the optimal point was when the enzymes worked the best. As the temperature rose, the molecules possessed more kinetic energy. The more kinetic energy there was, the more the molecules moved and collided with one another, increasing the rate of reaction, until it reached the optimal point. Once the temperature started to increase higher than 35 °C the catalase started to denature, which meant the shape of the enzyme would start to differ. The denaturing catalase decreased the rate of reaction because there werent as many healthy normal catalase molecules to maintain the rate or even increase it. Part 3: Change in pH Level Hypothesis: If the pH level of the substrate increased then the rate of reaction will also increase until an optimal pH level is reached. Anything above or below the optimal pH level the enzyme will denature. This hypothesis was also proven to be true. The optimal pH level was 7, neutral, for the catalase. This meant at pH 7, the most enzyme-substrate reactions were taking place at that specific time. Enzymes work within a small pH range, therefore pH levels tend to have a great impact on the enzyme-substrate activity (Nelson Biology 12). Any pH level above or below 7 started to denature the enzyme, slowing down the rate of reaction. Denaturing enzymes meant that the shape of the overall enzyme had changed. This meant that at the pH levels of 2, 4, 9 or 12 the shape of the active site for the substrate to bond to would change, slowing down the process. At the pH level of 7, catalases activity was the greatest. Part 4: Change in Substrate Concentration Hypothesis: If the concentration of the substrate (hydrogen peroxide) increases the rate of reaction also increases. This hypothesis was proven to be true. This relationship was much like that of the concentration of the catalase. As the concentration of the substrate increased the rate of reaction also increased because there were more hydrogen peroxide molecules available to react with the catalase. However, at one point (the point of saturation, which wasnt achieved in this lab) the rate of reaction would be constant. That meant at a given point during the experiment, all of the active sites of the catalase would be occupied with a hydrogen peroxide molecule and the rate of reaction would neither increase nor decrease. Strictly looking at the experiment observed, the rate of reaction was increasing as the substrate concentration was increasing because there were more substrates available to react with an enzyme at a specific time. Part 5: Addition of an Inhibitor Hypothesis: If the addition of an inhibitor increased then that means the rate of reaction would decrease. This hypothesis was also proven correct. The copper (II) sulphate acted as an inhibitor for the experiment. When added, the copper (II) sulphate attached itself to the active site of the catalase molecules, causing the rate of reaction to decrease. The copper (II) sulphate was meant to block the active site, which it did successfully, hence the decrease in the rate of reaction. This meant, the more copper (II) sulphate was added the lower the rate of reaction would be. This is because this inhibitor stalls the reaction time because there are less reactions taking place at that moment in time, due to the fact that the active sites are blocked off from the hydrogen peroxide molecules. Evaluation: Sources of Error Throughout this lab there were many errors made that were uncontrolled and/or unaccounted for. These errors were not human errors, which were tried to be reduced to the minimal if not none. Some sources of error included: the test tube measurements, errors regarding the filter paper disc and the inconsistent concentration of the catalase. The test tubes were meant to be all the same shape and hold the same amount. However this was not the case for every single test tube. To the human eyes the amount in the test tube might look the same but in reality the amount might vary. This is due to the fact that the test tubes from the inside do not all have the same shape, after all test tubes are human made and there is a chance of major human error during that process as well. The test tubes not being consistent meant that there was room for error in measurements. Even though the volume of the catalase and the hydrogen peroxide were measured out precisely, the measurements that were made using a ruler were not. This was due to the fact that the test tubes were not all the same, and that the human eye is not precise in analyzing such measurements. This meant there were countless errors throughout the lab. For many processes the filter paper disc, which was dipped in the potato juice, did not always sink to the bottom of the test tube. Even with the help of forceps and plastic pipettes, which were used to aid the filter paper disc to the bottom of the test tube, the filter paper disc did not reach the bottom. This was because the catalase that was absorbed into the filter paper disc automatically started reacting with the hydrogen peroxide. They were very inconsistent, some filter paper discs took a longer time to be pushed to the bottom and others simply sank, and since time was a major aspect to the lab this caused many errors. Catalase concentration was also a source of error. There were many potatoes that were ground and made into potato juice for the purpose of this lab. Naturally, they would carry different concentration of catalase because of the different ways they were grown. There might be a potato that had many nutrients while it was still maturing in the field and a potato that barely got any nutrients. The concentration of the catalase used in one part of the lab would be higher or lower than the concentration of the catalase used in another part because of the different potatoes used. This affected the lab because, like observed before, the higher the concentration of the catalase the higher the rate of reaction there will be. In the future, if only one potato was ground and made into potato juice would help control this aspect of the lab. These were only three main errors observed during this lab. There were many more, regarding the separate sections of the lab. Evaluation: Next Steps Throughout this lab there were many procedures that could have been done differently or to a different point. Another lab could have been carried out with another natural enzyme which could have been comparable to the factors and affects of catalase. Also, the saturation level was undiscovered for the enzyme (in terms of concentration, and the inhibitors). Both are procedures that could have been carried to obtain a better understanding of enzymes. Another miniature lab would have been helpful if done, because then the factors and the affects these factors had on the rate of reactions could have been compared for a better understanding. There is another naturally occurring enzyme that shares characteristics with catalase. This enzyme is called amylase. Amylase is a catalyst that hydrolysis polysaccharides starch into disaccharide maltose. Amylase can be found in the saliva, produced in the salivary glands and the pancreas. If amylase is added to starch solution, the starch will soon break down to form maltose (Enzyme Lab). Both catalase and amylase are natural occurring enzymes found in the human body and they are great for comparison with one another. If the same lab was done with amylase this lab would help others understand a little more in the similarities and differences between enzymes. One other suggestion would be to carry out the experiments to the full potential. After reading and studying enzymes, it is clear that there are saturation points for the substrate concentration and the affects of an inhibitor (Nelson Biology 12). Saturation points refer to the point at which there is no increase or decrease in the rate of reaction between the catalase and hydrogen peroxide. The experiment that required the increase in the substrate concentration could have been (and should have been) carried out until the point of saturation was observed. This is when the rate of reaction stays at a constant because all the active sites are occupied by hydrogen peroxide molecules and no other reactions can occur. This could have also been possible with the inhibitor part of the lab. At one point no reactions would occur because the inhibitors would have been blocking all the possible active sites for the hydrogen peroxide to react with. This is also referred to as a saturation point . If these saturation points were observed, there wouldve been a better understanding of the affects the different factors had on the enzyme. For future labs, both these processes should be considered, if not acted upon. With both processes there is the availability to further the understanding of enzymes and their capabilities in living organisms. Work Cited CATALASE -ANTIOXIDANT BENEFITS, INFORMATION ON SUPPLEMENTS, ARTICLES, LINKS, NEWS, ADVICE. VITAMINSTUFF A RESOURCE FOR VITAMINS, HERBS, ANTIOXIDANTS, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE . N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. . Catalase An Extraordinary Enzyme. Catalase Home Page (Index page for http://www.catalase.com). N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. . Enzyme Lab Ex. 4. Welcome to Eve. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. . Enzymes Enzyme Biological Catalysts Diet and Health.net. Diet and Health.net. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. . Protein Digestion: A Trip Through the Gut. Oracle ThinkQuest Library . N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. . Substrate definition from Biology-Online.org. Life Science Reference Biology Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. . catalase: Definition from Answers.com. Answers.com: Wiki QA combined with free online dictionary, thesaurus, and encyclopedias. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2010. . The innocence in this world has become extinct Though, my purity still stands because my status is distinct. I have been refusing to give the green light Continually declining every invite It  Ã‚  holds all the respect   Its just not enough to relinquish in an hour Once it is gone, its gone forever Its just not worth it to me One of my worst enemies is Regret All the hurt and all the pain is hard to forget I dont want to be a statistic So when it comes to sex, we speak of different linguistics. I must add that my mind is pessimistic. What if something goes wrong? What if its sadistic They always ask me if Im clean. Give it up baby, youre already seventeen Sounds like a kid to me   I dont know what the fuck you mean. Im just not you, one who lets lust consume Seems like everyone lost it already In this I must say, My standards must be met for it to be given away. That man better love me to death I better be the reason for his every breath Baby dont you see the ring on that right fist Because I dare that man to run off with my virginity

Brendan Behan’s The Quare Fellow and Samuel Beckett Essay -- Brendan B

Brendan Behan’s The Quare Fellow and Samuel Beckett Existential works are difficult to describe because the definition of existentialism covers a wide range of ideas and influences almost to the point of ambiguity. An easy, if not basic, approach to existentialism is to view it as a culmination of attitudes from the oppressed people of industrialization, writers and philosophers during the modern literary period, and people who were personally involved as civilians, soldiers, or rebels during WWII and witnessed the worst aspects of life and war. These attitudes combined the aspects of loss of identity and autonomy, the uselessness of pain, a sense of alienation, and the meaninglessness of a harsh life where death is the only way out; all of these things helped give birth to a new philosophy that for the first time dealt with the cold reality of life after WWII. The canon of existential literature almost singularly deals with native authors from France, Germany, Russia, and the former Czechoslovakia; however, there has yet to be a u niversally accepted Irish writer to belong to this category. Some argue that this segregation of Irish writers has to do with Ireland’s geographical location and its neutrality during WWII; however, if existentialism is purely an amalgamation of attitudes, then a country’s location and direct political policy play a meager role in the classification of a work as existential. Moreover, those arguments pay no attention to expatriates, or the simultaneously related socio-political condition of other countries; thus, a reevaluation of the canon, or at least a reconsideration of Irish works as existential is appropriate. Two Irish playwrights who epitomize the attitudes of existentialism a... ...which criticism and interpretation of modern society are available. Behan and Beckett are trying to open society’s eyes in order for them to question their lives and the world in which they live. When the representations are understood, the audience can begin to question the establishments of society, the rationality of blind or complete faith in a soulless and seemingly meaningless world, and the real purpose and meaning of their own lives. Behan and Beckett heighten expectations of existential writing and thought through their unforgiving and callous treatment of society, which reflects the abominable demeanor and absurdities of modern society and life. Works Cited Beckett, Samuel. Waiting for Godot. New York: Grove Press, 1954. Behan, Brendan. The Quare Fellow. Modern Irish Drama. Ed. John P. Harrington. New York: W.W. Norton & Co, Inc, 1991. 255-310.

Labor Union in the United States

The United States Labor Unions can be considered as an organized group that usually represent the workers from their employees, aimed to legally function as a representative in a legal manner, in the various field or industries. Their activities are centered in the collective bargaining for wage increase, the proper implementation of benefits, good working conditions, and served as a representative if the company neglects or violates provisions from the contract. Aside from these focal points, the Labor Unions also served as a political influence (specifically inside the Democratic Party) through different coalitions with the same principle oriented activists and through strategic mobilization aimed at strengthening the numbers of their memberships.The evolution of Labor Union in the United States dated way back from the 18th Century. From the conception of the National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor- which were short-lived, followed by the rise of the American Federation of La bor in 1886. The 1900 saw the emergence of the Industrial Workers of the World in 1905, the eventual splitting of the AFL in 1938 and the birth of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), the merger of AFL and CIO in 1955, and the founding of the Change to Win Federation which emerged after splitting from the AFL-CIO umbrella in 2005. In general, the history of the United States Labor Union was categorized into four: The early Unions, the labor history from 1900-1932, labor history from 1932- 1955, the labor history from 1955 to 2005, and the labor union at present.Within these periods, several unprecedented and relevant events happened such as the Pullman strike and the Haymarket riot (between 1886 and 1894), the coal strikes (1900-1902), Dual Unionism, Gompers and AFL, Railroad Brotherhoods, the effect of World War 1 and 2, the New Deal Labor Policy, New Deal Coalition and PAC, Taft-Hartley Act, issues of corruptions, civil rights movement, the rise of the Public Sector Uni ons, the decline of the private sector unions, the NAFTA and the International Trade threat.The first local labor union (the Early Unions), the Order of the Knights of St. Crispin, was established in 1867 having an approximate of around 50,000 members by year 1870. The group resisted certain encroachments of several machineries and the matter of non-skilled labor regarding the autonomy of such skilled workers. Though considered the largest union at that time, the group was poorly disorganized that caused to its decline and eventual abolishment.After the abolishment of the Order of the Knights, the Knights of Labor was established in 1869. It was considered the first functional and effective labor union or organization through an effort of enlisting not only the laborers in their ranks but also believed in protecting the common interests of all groups engaged in production. Â  Their leader, Terence Powderly, initiated several causes through the influence of politics or by cooperativ e tie-ups and ventures. Though he hoped towards achieving their causes, the Union collapsed on its first big strike during the Hayment Riot in 1886.In 1886, after the abolishment of the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor was established. It was comprised mostly of confederations of skilled workers responsible of setting the organizational model being used until today. During this transition, from the Order of the Knights to the establishment of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), a major strike transpired that added much significant effects on U.S. economical status.The Pullman strike, happened on June 26, 1894 with around 125,000 workers on an approximate 29 railroad stations, quit their work instead of working on Pullman Palace Car Company. The cause of the strike was the declined decision of the company to decrease rent on the town of Pullman. The effect was a total production shutdown of the Pullman factories that eventually led to a lock out. United States M arshals and approximately 2,000 soldiers were deployed to break up the strike, leaving around $340,000 worth of damage properties, 57 wounded and 13 strikers killed.The American Federation of Labor or AFL was established by Samuel Gompers. The federation comprised mostly of skilled and unskilled workers, except for the African American and women who were excluded. This started the Labor Union history from 1900-1932, and from this period several developments transpired such as the increase in unionized wages, the creation of Clayton Act of 1914, the enactment of the Norris-LaGuardia Act in 1932, the coalition formed by the Socialist Party of America, and the most common events- strikes.The Coal strike of 1900-1902 was considered one of the most comprehensive strikes ever happened creating a political crisis on a national scale. It was spearheaded by the United Mine Workers on the Midwest that started in 1900. The United States President at that time, Theodore Roosevelt, made a compro mise on the miners on increasing their wages for shorter hours but excluded the view of recognizing the union as the workers representative in the bargaining table.Another strike that transpired was the Great Railroad Strike happened in 1922, wherein a nationwide strike was conducted by shop workers of the railroad. The cause of the strike was the decision of the Railroad Labor Board to cut seven cents from the workers wages thus creating hostility and an approximate 400,000 positions vacated by the strikers. The strike eventually died down on a local level since some of the shop workers did made agreements with the railroads after.The Labor history of 1932- 1955 witnessed the founding of another influential Union in the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), founded by John Llewellyn Lewis, who eventually also the President of the United Mine Workers or UMW. The CIO was instrumental in the establishment of the United Steel Workers of America or the USWA that consisted of aroun d millions of organized group of industrial workers during the 1930’s.His desire to expand the union’s membership and acquire in organizing the steel industry lead to an effort of organizing steel workers. This put him into a contrast between the AFL since he was concerned on organizing all industrial unions and workers in a specific industry instead of in a particular craft or trade skill only. Â  The conflict was then resolved by establishing the CIO but the leader of the AFL, William Green, opposed such.The CIO hoped to have a change of policy within the AFL with regards to their industrial organizing but the AFL treated them as an enemy and antagonism arose leading to the formal establishment of the CIO in 1938 to become its rival federation union. Since then the CIO was instrumental in several sit-down strikes such as the Flint sit-down strike, and the Chrysler sit-down strike. Their actual members were approximated at 2,850,000 from various members of the local labor unions such as coming from the Steel Workers, Electrical Workers, Amalgamated Clothing Workers, Rubber Workers, and United Mine Workers. (Karson, 1958).The negotiations of the Flint Sit-Down strike led the way for the establishment of the United Auto Workers Union or UAW in 1936- 1937. Walter Reuther took control of the union during the war and soon initiated some major strikes. The UAW eventually led the way for the merging of the AFL and the CIO in 1955.From 1955 to present, the labor unions consisted of two major organizations: the Change to Win Federation who broke up with the ALF-CIO in 2005, and the American Federation of Labor- Congress of Industrial Organizations. Both groups advocates legislations and policies in favor to the workers of the United States and Canada, took active participation in politics specifically favoring the Democratic Party. While the AFL-CIO is concerned with trade issues in a global perspective, the Change to Win Federation is concerned more in issues involving domestic Craft labor.Union members of the private sector have been severely regulated by the NLRA or the National Labor Relations Act of 1935. The unions are usually regulated in a sense by state laws and partly by federal laws. Thus it resulted in considerable growth rates, and working conditions as well as the wages are brought into negotiations with the elected state and local officials, therefore enhancing the political influences of the Unions.Other manifestation of unionism may include Solidarity unionism, minority unionism, and the practices being employed by an organization like the Industrial Workers of the World.The American Union membership specifically in the private sector has fallen by an approximate of 9% .and only the Commercial group retained some 50% of union representation. It also remained an indispensable political influence and the capital mobility, economic liberalization, and globalization improved in a tremendous fashion uplifting the stand ard of living being enjoyed by the American workers. In a real sense the Labor Union in the United States served as a role model for labor Domestic force. It’s served as a representative, an intermediary, for the social workers welfare against the violations of the Company to achieve specific arrangements that will benefit both workers and the Administration.ReferencesCommons, John R. (1918). History of Labour in the United States – Vol. 2 1860-1896.Karson, Marc (1958). American Labor Unions and Politics, 1900-1918.Beik, Millie (2005). Labor Relations: Major Issues in American History..

System Migration Plan

System Migration Implementation Phase I Oracle Environment On December 16, 2006 the migration of the production database will take place. It has been deemed necessary to move our Oracle production database to a more robust server for future growth. At this time the database resides on a p650 unit that will be utilized in phase two of this migration. Below find the laid out plan as it pertains to the move. December 16, 2006:There will be a complete backup of the existing server. December 17, 2006:Starting early that morning, the backup of the existing server will be restored on to the new server emulating the current environment.While the restore of the new server is taking place, the existing server will be set up for the actual move of the existing Oracle database. Step. 1: The mounted file system will be un-mounted from the operating system, at that point after recording all the necessary paths. Step. 2: The volume group that the file systems reside in will be varied off, and then exported. After this step the database which resides on the EMC Symmetric will no longer exist on the present database server. Step. 3: The server will be totally taken down and power will be totally extinguished. Step. : The remove of the fibber channel card that leads back to the EMC database location. The data on the EMC/database will go unchanged or accessed at this point. Step. 5: The fibber channel card will then be placed in the new server. Step. 6: The new server will then be powered on with the fibber channel card from the now existing server, and then the database will be imported to that server. Step. 7: At this point all the network and fibber connections will be moved to the new sever from the existing one using the same IP/Hostname to eliminate further configuration changes or delays. Step. : A DBA will be contacted to confirm the migration success, and then the server will be taken down for the data center outage. System Upgrade Recommendation Phase II Oracle Environm ent As a result of an evaluation of performance and future growth of the present Oracle environments, it was proposed and recommended that the production database server be upgraded with additional processors and memory. As phase one, on January 29th 2006 each Oracle environment received the recommended upgrade as described in the briefing dated January 3, 2006 and title: Hardware Upgrade for Oracle Financials in Preparation for OAB and iSupplier Modules.The Oracle environment received the recommended memory and has proved to perform as projected. The production application server now utilizes 16GB of memory, and the database server has a total of 32GB. In a continued effort to move toward phase two, the following information has been composed and now submitted for evaluation. It is the opinion of the system administrator, utilizing performance tools that the existing system degradation only appears during multiple thread requests.In short, thread request are granted buy and throw s ystem processors within any given computer environment. To wit, it has been ascertained that during a normal business run the system reflects system degradation at any point of a new presented workload introduction. System memory and IO performance proves to be stable while the now utilized processors show to be at their maximum thread capacity. In today’s environment the production database unit consists of four processors; with the recommendation to increase this number buy four additional processors facilitating a total of eight.This is projected to improve Dallas County production presently as well as future growth performance. See projected cost on page two. Model Highlights 7038-6M2 The Model 6M2 delivers a cost-efficient growth path to the future with: †¢ 64-bit system scalability in 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-way configurations with the following processor options: o 2-way 1. 2 GHz POWER4+ with 8 MB shared L3 cache per processor card o 2-way 1. 45 GHz POWER4+ with 32 MB s hared L3 cache per processor card †¢ Expandability and reliability: System memory expandable from 2 GB to 64 GB o Rack-mounted drawer utilizes 8U (EIA Units) o Supports up to eight 7311-D10 or 7311-D20 I/O drawers per server o Each I/O drawer supports either 6 (for D10) or 7 (for D20) hot-plug PCI bus slots To upgrade to an 8 way system IBM has given a cost of $25,750. 00 2-way 1. 45 GHz POWER4+ with 32 MB shared L3 cache per processor card. The above quote is without any government discount or third party intervention. However, a third party vender’s quotes $9590. Mr. UNIX Sr. UNIX System Administrator

The Shawshank Redemption Essays

The Shawshank Redemption Essays The Shawshank Redemption Paper The Shawshank Redemption Paper Essay Topic: Literature The Shawshank Redemption Andys wife Linda Collins dufresne suddenly decided to Take golf lessons in 1947.At Falmouth Hill Country Club Linda took lessons for four month and her instructor was Glenn Quentin. Andy found in August 1947that Glenn and his Wife had become lovers. They argued bitterly. On September 10,1947 Linda wanted to divorce Andy. Linda went to spend the night at Glenns. The next morning the cleaning woman found and Linda and Glenn dead in bed. They were found shot four times each Red is a guy who can get anything for you. He came to Shawshank when he was twenty years old. He committed murder. He was young good looking and poor. He killed his wife by loosing up her brakes but he did not expect her to pick up the lady next door and her son. He also did not expect to get caught. He is a cool person and every one is fine and okay with him. People new that they could not play around with him cause then when they needed something from the out side he would not get it because like I said he was the one who got everything. Inciting Incident As soon as Andy walked inside Shawshank the first people who laid eyes on him were the sister they wanted him to be his female and lose his mind hood. But Andy did not and he insisted but the sisters were always there to make his life miserable. At one time the sisters beat on Andy because he was not willing to give up. On time they put him behind the laundry room and almost beat him to death. The inmates did not like Andy because when he first got there he looked as if he was the boss and he thought he was a big man but really he was not it was that trial was not fair and they had convicted of a crime he did not commit. That was most of the reasons that a lot of inmates had problems with him others just left him alone. Rising Action When the sisters were all up on him and making him bend down and do all the things a man needs to keep for himself. After Andy started doing the taxes for the guards the guards got respect and beat up the sisters so that they would not bother Andy any more that was the deal Andy had with the guards. Thats how the whole deal with the guards started about Andy doing them a favor for a favor and then it got to Warden and soon Warden was taking Andy into his office and having conversations with him because he knew that he had to keep Andy on the good side because he was the one who was doing all the taxes and bills. In no time all the staff in the prison had their own time to spend time with Andy and they would get the work done well actually Andy was the one who got the work done around there. Climax When Andy was ready for his escape the night before he was giving out things so the inmates thought that he was going to commit suicide. Also when Warden was or actually killed Tommy for knowing what he knew about Andy and he had to keep his mouth shut and the only was Warden was going to be sure that he was not going to say anything was by killing him but he knew that Tommy had already told Andy and the rest of the guys Andy hangs around with. Most of the stories and specially the climax were with the sisters When he got out all the things for the library and people were coming to Andy so that could learn and Andy was willing to help. When Tommy got involved and told Andy what he knew the truth that Andy had known since the moment the jury said guilty he knew that he was innocent and that was what Tommy told him. Now there was another person who knew that he was innocent. And was willing to speak out. Falling Action When Brook committed suicide and had no reason to live so he hung himself in an old room that parole had given him but Brook was locked up for so many years that every thing was new to him and he was scared and thought that he had no right to be there. Andy had told Red about Zinhuatahejo and Red started believing and said that he was going to be there t one day when he was a free man. When the jury or the people who decide to give Red his parole because now he had no reason to be in Shawshank anymore Andy escaped and Red has parole. Red is out left parole and is searching for Andy was lying about zinhuatejona the days it took him. But finally he found the letter. Andy had left him with one hundred dollars and now it was deciding whether to go or not, should he believe or is Andy is still playing with head. He takes the chance to find out if its true or not. Appearance Andy came to Shawshank when he was thirty year of age; he was a short neat little man. His hair was sandy and small cleaver hand. Andy wore gold-rimmed spectacles; his fingernails were always clipped and always clean also very conservative guy. Hadley was a big guy; he was the one that would kill you with his eyes. No one messed with him, because he was big and tough and also very quiet. Personality Andy is a shy and patient guy, keeping all his stuff to himself. He is not very trustworthy towards nobody and lives in his own world. When he is around people, tend to observe their action and their personalities. The opposite of Andy would be Red a humorous guy with the ability to make anyone laugh. Red is also similar to Andy, he keep this stuff to himself. They are somewhat compatible to each other. Background When Andy was a free man, he was a vice president in the Trust department in a bank. Andy loved numbers and could figure out most equations. He had very little family it was just his wife Linda and him. He had a normal life until that day. The day Linda started an affair with Glen and wanted a divorce. Andy had very little friends; some that worked in the bank and a special friend that was helping him while he was in jail find a new identity and money. Red doesnt really say much about himself; all we know is that he came to Shawshank when he was twenty years old. Red was living with his wife he had no children. Red might have been tired of his wife and killed her. He got convicted of murdering his wife, next-door neighbor and her son. Relationships When Andy was working in the bank, ha had high-class friends. He lost all those so-called friends when they found out what he had done. They just abandoned him like if they did not even care. His relationship with his wife at the beginning was normal but as time passed she got tired of him and started an affair with Glen Motivations Andy love to sculpture rocks and decorate his window in his cell room. Andy always found something to do to keep his mind busy. Also he was very cleaver, he knew that escaping would take years to accomplish. Meanwhile Andy created a library also found ways to get money to create the library with donating and worked at the library. Andy also taught the prisoners how to read and write. He even helps a young man get his G.E D. Red really did not have any dreams beside being a free man Red would get anything that the inmates wanted which include posters, drugs and tobacco. Red realized that Andy was very cleaver when he found out that Andy had escaped from prison with just a little hammer. Conflicts Andy had many conflict in the story first he was sentenced to prison for a crime he did not commit. Second he had problems with the Sister because they wanted to abuse him sexually and he never let them. They beat him up and that make Andy very miserable. Another problem that faces was when he found enough prove to clain his freedom and the warden did not even let him have a second trial the wanted to keep Andy in prison for his personal use. Tommy had many conflicts also he knew that Andy was not the killer, because he also knew who the killer really was and no one believed him. Another conflict arose when the warden found out that Tommy knew who was the real killer and plot a escape to kill him. Which at the end Tommy dies and with him the real killer identity. Changes Andy came in alone and was alone for a while until he started gaining respect and soon became a well respected manthat everyone turned to. When he escaped no one could belive it because he was really well educated and no one thought he would do such a thing. Andy soon was know at the prison and cool with most people. Not like at the beginning when he was a loner now he was the center of attraction. Red was really the same throught the story and was that he was a really patient and a serious type of guy when he started telling us about him he was already the man that could get anything but I belive that that was not the way when he first came into the prison. At the end when he got the letter he was still the same old Red. Person versus society Again it is all about society and the way people treated him. One example was when he was convicted people said that he was guilty because he did not make a big scean and he took it like a man so thats why people said that he was guilty but he wasnt . Another one was that there was the conflict with the inmates at first that they didnt like Andy so they made his life imposible the first couple of months. One main thing was with the sisters about his man hood even though that was a storgle those were some of the really main conflicts with society. Person VS Person Warden was the one who was making Andys life miserable at the end and new the truth. But still didnt want to let him go and fought till the end. Warden made any do all the work and that was why Warden didnt wan to let him go because he knew that if he was to let Andy go he was going to lose a lot of money and that was one thing he was not willing to lose. The sisters wanted to get Andy and make him their female and like I said it was a very difficult situation for Andy but still it was a struggle and it was a really bad conflict person versus person sort of situation but at the end Andy got them back for all the beatings that he got from the sisters. Andy never gave up in searching for his freedom and fighting what ever was going to be a startle for him. He honored a new friend ship that was red some one that was helping him through out ten years of his life. He really trusted Red in every way that you can possibly imagine .Red also trusted him even though Andy always beat around the bush when it came to saying things you sort of had to guess what he was trying to say. Red was patient because after thirty years they the people who wok at the prison finally gave him his parole. Still they thought he was not rehabilitated. He learned how to survive by being the man and by being the guy who could get anything, and making side money for himself. The main point of the story is that even though Andy was a really quiet guy he was always doing some thing that no one knew and that was planning his escape. After ten years of pain and suffering he finally does it and does every thing he said he was going to do which was own his own business and be rich wit his good friend by his side which was Red.

Space Exploration - Past, Present and Future essays

Space Exploration - Past, Present and Future essays Ever since the beginning of time, mankind has been fascinated with wonders of space. Before the mid-1900s, all mankind could do was gaze at the stars from Earth and wonder what it would be like to go into space. Man would look through telescopes and make theories on how the universe worked. During the mid-1900s, mankind finally was able to send a man into space and explore the wonders of space first hand. So why do humans explore space? Well, it is our fascination with the unknown. At first, all mankind did was look up and wonder how things became what they are now. We started to think that all celestial bodies revolved around the Earth, and the Earth was the center of the entire universe. Galileo Galelie later disproved this theory. Even with growing knowledge in the field, it was not until 1957 when the first Earth orbiter, the Soviets Sputnik 1, was sent into space and placed in orbit at an altitude of 1,370 miles and weighed ! 184 pounds. Later in that year, the Soviets sent Sputnik 2 into space with a dog named Laika. Laika was the first animal to venture into space. Then in 1985, the United States successfully sent their very own satellite into space. In 1960, the Soviets launched to dogs into space and successfully returned them to Earth. From this point started the space race. The space race was a challenge between the USSR and the United States to see who could land a man on the moon first. In 1961, the first man in space was cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin who was in space for 60 minutes before returning to Earth in Vostok 1 and was sent by the USSR. Astronaut Shepard flew the first manned sub-orbital space-flight by the Americans. The first true American orbital flight was by John Glen and he stayed in space for five hours in Mercury 6 in 1962. Then in 1963, the USSR sent the first woman into space; her name was Valentina Tereshkova-Nikaleva. They also had the first person to take a space-walk in 19 65. In 1968, the...

Acropolis Museum

Acropolis Museum The (new) Acropolis Museum opened its doors to the public in June 2009 and is an important reference point for culture and consequently for the cultural law. The location of the museum, as well as the way of the exhibition practice, aims at collecting, protecting, studying, highlighting, and displaying the monuments of the sacred rock of Acropolis at national and international level. It is a museum specially dedicated to the monuments of the Acropolis. Among its missions, the museum focuses on making accessible to its visitors, scientists, and anyone interested the world-class archaeological treasures. It contributes to the promotion of historical and archaeological knowledge, aesthetic cultivation, creative thinking, and -in general- modern perception of classical education. The purpose of the Museum is to coordinate all its functions according to the visitor and his expectations. The institution seeks in many ways to make the guest a real shareholder in its research programmes for interpretation and understanding of the exhibits. The organization is an element that proves the museum orientation in the modern form of communication of the cultural institutions focusing on the visitor. Cultural organizations play a crucial role in our society, economy, and cultural life of every country. In an environment that is particularly competitive and difficult, all the cultural institutions should search for ways and tools to make themselves sustainable. Undoubtedly, communication is a fundamental function of museums and above all with the public. It should transmit and provide with information, messages, and experiences in a clear and effective way to different and diverse audiences. Through communication, the public image of the organization is also determined. The Acropolis Museum gives emphasis on its communication strategy. It includes the Front of House Department whose role is to ensure the smooth reception of the audience and flow of visitors, create a hospitable environment, and provide high-quality services. The Communications and Promotion Department is responsible for supporting and promoting the museum in Greece and abroad. Development and protection of the museum’s successful external communication include -among other things- the official website, Facebook page, Youtube channel, web newsletters, publications, written communication with the wide public and the media. This case study The Parthenon Gallery fully reflects the content of the organization as its architectural structure and exhibition practice aims at the balanced relationship between the museum and monuments of Acropolis and; the unique ability of visitor to connect comfortably and in a multiple ways the architectural sculptures with the ancient temple where they come from. The relationship of the building with the surrounding area is one of the biggest advantages of the exhibition.

Annotated bibliography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Annotated bibliography - Assignment Example In the United States, a juvenile delinquent (offender), for example, is described as one below age 17 who commits a crime that would otherwise be punishable if they were adults. The factors that contribute to juvenile crime (more so underage drinking and illegal purchase of drugs) are extensively mentioned in this book. These factors are broken down into six different categories. Some of the physical factors for juvenile delinquency cited include lack of sleep, sensory defects, endocrine disorders, drug addiction, nervous diseases, weather effects, physical exuberance, deformities, speech defects, malnutrition, and so on, whereas, mental factors discussed include, among others, psychoses, psychoneuroses, suggestibility, contra-suggestibility, sex habits/ experiences, lethargy/ laziness, mental conflicts, mental defects, and superior intelligence. Under home condition factors, there are unsanitary conditions, broken homes, illegitimacy stigma, bad examples, immoral parents, ill treatment at homes, poverty, unemployment, excess in material possessions and material deficiencies. Also, some of the school conditions talked up include poor grades, peer influence, inadequate recreation facilities, poor teaching and bad attitudes towards teachers, while neighborhood conditions cited include loneliness, stimulating entertainment platforms, influence of gangs, and peer influence. Occupational conditions such as truancy, monotony, idleness, occupational misfits, apprenticeship system declines, influence, and irregular occupations (Bradshaw, 2003) are also noted by the author. Jefferson discusses some of the crime theories applicable to juvenile delinquency. Some of the theories emphasized include rational choice theory, social disorganization, strain theory, differential association theory, labeling theory and social control theory. These are discussed in view of achieving better understanding of the causes of juvenile delinquency. As per the labeling theory, for

What impact does nurses have on obtaining their own accu check versus Research Paper

What impact does nurses have on obtaining their own accu check versus nursing assistants on the timely delivery of insulin therapy to patients - Research Paper Example Nurses should be in the fore front in enhancing diabetes control mechanisms. Bearing in mind that some patients may be too old to use the advanced technology in trying to curb the disease, nurses come in handy in ensuring the patients are taken care of (Farmer et al., 2007). Nurses may be involved in teaching patients how to handle the monitoring devices. To avoid patients having further complications from the disease due to lack of proper insulin therapy, nurses and nurses assistants should make sure they oversee the insulin therapy process. They should ensure patients are assisted wherever possible and that they (patients) get their dosage in time. Patients benefit from nurses who undertake their own accu check as the results are received in less time. The accu check gets results in the least time possible and nurses have the privilege of administering relevant dosage to patients as they require. This has led the nurses to get accurate information of a patient’s diabetic state, from where nurses can give the right medication to the patient. This trend of nursing obtaining their own accu check has made patients feel more confident about the treatment they get as they know the results are highly reliable. Some stakeholders involved in this sector are: patients, nurses, the medical agencies. Diabetes has been of a major concern thus, necessitating the unveiling of new methods to deal with the challenges it brings. Patients are directly affected by the disease and any invention towards their treatment affects them directly. Accu checks are meant to assist the patients undertake their glucose tests in real time. The results for accu check are efficient thus promoting efficient medication towards controlling the effects of diabetes. When nurses undertake their own accu check, efficiency can be easily achieved as a patient may be confident of getting the right treatment. Patients

Electrophysiology Instramentation and Design Essay

Electrophysiology Instramentation and Design - Essay Example Introduction Many human body organs manifest their body movements through electric activities (Greddes & Baker, 1989). A good example is the heart which produces an electric signal, called an electrocardiogram. In the brain, there is a signal produced called the electroencephalogram (EEG). Eyes produce an electro-oculogram. When these and more other body electrical signals are measured, it becomes possible to measure the pathological functions of the organs (Bonow & Mann 2011). In this paper, there will be an explanation of the state of the art systems and the particular performance motivations that have led to the electrophysiological measurements, their principles of operation, and how they are practically implemented. The article will also look at the role played by engineering in collaboration with synthetic biology and the fundamental essence of automation in the technology. The paper will then be followed by a fundamental look of the recent commercial systems in comparison to t he systems used for research and development. Background: Measurement context and problems The electrophysiological measurements or the bio potentials originate from the electric activities taking place at the cellular levels. ... The separations take place inside and outside the cell. Due to this difference, there is production of a resting potential. There are cells that can be excited resulting to an action potential that can lead to speedy movement of ions across the cell membranes responding to the stimulation of the electricity in the cell’s electric gradient. When the cells are electrically excited, they produce current in the surrounding conducting areas which then manifests itself as the body’s potential. There are various bio potentials in human organs (Stober 1986). Physical Background and measurements context The electrophysiological measurements are made feasible through the use of the right materials in design. The designs of the amplifiers should be perfect for acquiring of best quality measurements. Other quality determinant factors are using good electrodes, properly applying them on the patient and good clinical practices. There are various electrodes that can be used for electr ophysiological measurements. Some of the distinguishing features in the electrodes are security, good conduction, less susceptibility to lesser junction potential substances. In order to have a very good contact between the skin and the electrode, an electrode gel is used. When the gels are highly conductive, there is reduction of resistance as well as the junction potential. One of the limitations of using these gels is being that they are causative agents for allergies. Another limitation is the movement of the skin against the electrode, something that causes artefact. Such movements produce motion artifact due to the changing electrode junction to the skin potential. This effect is however reduced through the reduction of movements on unnecessary

Madagascar Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Madagascar - Research Paper Example The major language spoken in Madagascar is Malagasy. However, other languages including French and English are also used, but not as much as Malagasy (Tyson, 2013). This country has various cultures as well as ethnic groups. The capital city of Madagascar is called Antananarivo. The latest GDP(PPP) as well as GDP(nominal) for Madagascar stand at $33.642 billion and $ 11.188 billion respectively relevant to the latest estimates in the year 2014. The culture of Madagascar is greatly influenced by the different ethnicities that are found there. Some of these ethnicities comprise of the Indonesians, Arabs, Africans as well as the French (Campbell, 2005). However, it is important to note that Madagascar has always been having long lasting cultures as well as traditions. The different forms of cultures and traditions of the country of Madagascar can be seen through three main perspectives. These include the cuisine, language, the culture relevant to daily life and customs, as well as the culture relevant to religion (Tyson, 2013). Relevant to the religious culture, it is widely known that the people of Madagascar always worship as well as venerate the spirits of the dead. This is one of the traditional religious practices in Madagascar, popularly known as Fomban-razana (ancestor-worship) (Bradt, 2011). However, these traditional religious beliefs are not practiced by all the people of Madagascar. It is always believed that praye rs offered to Andriamanitra (the Supreme God) must always pass through the ancestors. This is always a culture in most religions in Madagascar, practiced regularly during ceremonies, events as well as performance of rituals. Other than religion, the cultures of Madagascar can also be viewed in terms of their cuisine. These cuisines always reflect a collection of interests from various ethnic groups. In Madagascar, it is always a culture that all traditional meals are consumed on the floor

What are the effects of the likely food security problems for society Essay - 1

What are the effects of the likely food security problems for society in these regions - Essay Example The crop production trends have also shown various concerns for experts in the present and in the future. Food sufficiency has not been attained, whereas obesity and malnourishment figures show that food is ill-proportioned in the population. Food security refers to the availability of food as well as the population’s access to it. The food that the population has access to, is also nutritious and is good enough to fulfill their dietary needs. If there is ample supply but the population has no access to it, essentially there are food security concerns for that area. Food scarcity in some parts of the world has led to extreme malnourishment and deformations in the human body; especially in many parts of Africa, where food security is major concern. Countries who are self-sufficient in food and claim their people have enough food security are also facing troubles in the hindsight; with increasing populations and needs, there is added pressure on the agricultural sector to ensure higher output levels which is some cases is resulting in price hikes and artificial irregularity in supplies. This is done to increase demand and subsequently increase the price suppliers can demand. Currently, Pakistan which is an agricultural country by economic definitions is facing similar issues due to over-empowered suppliers and feudalism ingrained in the agricultural sector. One of two regions chosen for the analysis of food security concerns in Asia and Pacific; invariably there is a growing concern amongst agriculturalists and experts regarding food security of the region. The two biggest populations of the world, India and China, are pressing for food security concerns. China and India are already hit by food security concerns as the population growth is surpassing their output production, leading to massive imports being made in the food department. A large chunk of population in the South Asian region and

Electrophysiology Instramentation and Design Essay

Electrophysiology Instramentation and Design - Essay Example Introduction Many human body organs manifest their body movements through electric activities (Greddes & Baker, 1989). A good example is the heart which produces an electric signal, called an electrocardiogram. In the brain, there is a signal produced called the electroencephalogram (EEG). Eyes produce an electro-oculogram. When these and more other body electrical signals are measured, it becomes possible to measure the pathological functions of the organs (Bonow & Mann 2011). In this paper, there will be an explanation of the state of the art systems and the particular performance motivations that have led to the electrophysiological measurements, their principles of operation, and how they are practically implemented. The article will also look at the role played by engineering in collaboration with synthetic biology and the fundamental essence of automation in the technology. The paper will then be followed by a fundamental look of the recent commercial systems in comparison to t he systems used for research and development. Background: Measurement context and problems The electrophysiological measurements or the bio potentials originate from the electric activities taking place at the cellular levels. ... The separations take place inside and outside the cell. Due to this difference, there is production of a resting potential. There are cells that can be excited resulting to an action potential that can lead to speedy movement of ions across the cell membranes responding to the stimulation of the electricity in the cell’s electric gradient. When the cells are electrically excited, they produce current in the surrounding conducting areas which then manifests itself as the body’s potential. There are various bio potentials in human organs (Stober 1986). Physical Background and measurements context The electrophysiological measurements are made feasible through the use of the right materials in design. The designs of the amplifiers should be perfect for acquiring of best quality measurements. Other quality determinant factors are using good electrodes, properly applying them on the patient and good clinical practices. There are various electrodes that can be used for electr ophysiological measurements. Some of the distinguishing features in the electrodes are security, good conduction, less susceptibility to lesser junction potential substances. In order to have a very good contact between the skin and the electrode, an electrode gel is used. When the gels are highly conductive, there is reduction of resistance as well as the junction potential. One of the limitations of using these gels is being that they are causative agents for allergies. Another limitation is the movement of the skin against the electrode, something that causes artefact. Such movements produce motion artifact due to the changing electrode junction to the skin potential. This effect is however reduced through the reduction of movements on unnecessary

What are the effects of the likely food security problems for society Essay - 1

What are the effects of the likely food security problems for society in these regions - Essay Example The crop production trends have also shown various concerns for experts in the present and in the future. Food sufficiency has not been attained, whereas obesity and malnourishment figures show that food is ill-proportioned in the population. Food security refers to the availability of food as well as the population’s access to it. The food that the population has access to, is also nutritious and is good enough to fulfill their dietary needs. If there is ample supply but the population has no access to it, essentially there are food security concerns for that area. Food scarcity in some parts of the world has led to extreme malnourishment and deformations in the human body; especially in many parts of Africa, where food security is major concern. Countries who are self-sufficient in food and claim their people have enough food security are also facing troubles in the hindsight; with increasing populations and needs, there is added pressure on the agricultural sector to ensure higher output levels which is some cases is resulting in price hikes and artificial irregularity in supplies. This is done to increase demand and subsequently increase the price suppliers can demand. Currently, Pakistan which is an agricultural country by economic definitions is facing similar issues due to over-empowered suppliers and feudalism ingrained in the agricultural sector. One of two regions chosen for the analysis of food security concerns in Asia and Pacific; invariably there is a growing concern amongst agriculturalists and experts regarding food security of the region. The two biggest populations of the world, India and China, are pressing for food security concerns. China and India are already hit by food security concerns as the population growth is surpassing their output production, leading to massive imports being made in the food department. A large chunk of population in the South Asian region and

Nursing Research Class Notes Essay Example for Free

Nursing Research Class Notes Essay Nursing research is the process that underpins all the other things we have talked about. How was it determined that one particular way of carrying out nursing care was better than another way? How was it decided that a particular framework of understanding will explain certain behaviors better than another? When we discussed frameworks of understanding or conceptual models earlier in the course you learnt that there are various ways of viewing mental illness were discussed and the treatments were based upon eradicating or fixing the cause. This can be described as ways of knowing and ways of intervening. These beliefs came about as the result of research. That is asking, and trying to answer such questions as Why does this occur?, Does this treatment work better than that treatment?, How do we know?, Do more people improve if we do this rather than that?. Research is a way of gaining knowledge about concerns that psychiatric nurses have. What is the best way to help this client with this particular distress? Is there any evidence that suggests that this way of caring is better than that? Nursing research is relatively new in some ways but in other ways gathering-nursing knowledge has been going on since the early days of nursing. Women learned through watching and observing what treatments worked best. This is one particular kind of knowledge. Potter and Perry discuss this in Chapter 5 â€Å"Nurses Ways of Knowing†. Ethical, personal, esthetic knowledge was identified and scientific became one more way of knowing. In terms of nursing research we can return to Florence Nightingale who of course made the observation that there we re more deaths closer to the open sewer than there were for men whose beds were further away. This is an excellent example of drawing a conclusion by making observations thereby developing new knowledge. Research itself is a way of developing knowledge but there are other ways of developing knowledge. They are differentially respected and acknowledged but each is a way of `knowing. When you take your research course in fourth year you will learn more about the various kinds of research. For now I just want to highlight the major ways of gathering knowledge. This is Chapter 5 in Potter and Perry and there is also reference to research in Stuart and Laraia under Evidenced Based Practice p 76-83. The opening section of the chapter in Potter and Perry gives a little background on the emergence of nursing practice and theory. Nursing science came into its own: no longer a discipline applying the knowledge of other disciplines but a unique body of knowledge. A good activity for you to consider doing is to go onto the Library website and click on journal holdings, once there search psychiatric nursing. Journals that publish the results of nursing research and in particular psychiatric nursing are a very important part of your reading and learning how to read a research article is an important skill to develop. We will discuss this further momentarily, for now I want now to review ways of gaining knowledge. 1. Tradition certain beliefs are accepted sometimes without too much enquiry. Its weve always done it that way. This may be good but sometimes it is appropriate to question these traditions. 2. Expert Authority: Asking an expert or authority is a very common way of gathering information. All of us ask for information from time to time but we also have to be somewhat cautious about confusing information and knowledge. But certainly we do seek out knowledge and assistance from others. There are, of course, some limitations since not all authorities are always right and like tradition, we do not always challenge this knowledge. 3. Experience A lot of what we know we have learned ourselves. Children certainly do this all the time. Sometimes through unfortunate experience like putting their little hand on a hot stove: Learning is also part of knowledge acquisition. But we also solve problems from experience. Like, if I turn off the alarm and dont get out of bed in the morning, I am late for work. So we learn not to do that. The ability to generalize and recognize patterns and make predictions is one of the hallmarks of the human mind and has been a large part of how our ancestors developed knowledge. It is always rains every time there are black clouds, then the next time you see black clouds, rain is predicted.. But there are limitations, first each persons experience may be too limited to generalize all the time. Maybe black clouds predicting rain only occurs in your part of the world for some environmental reason. Secondly your personal experiences may be colored by biases. 4. Investigating Ideas: Where would we be if no one pursued their ideas for instance, testing molds for their antibiotic value That the earth is not flat but round 5. Reasoning or Problem Solving Thinking through problems and finding solutions. There are two intellectual methods used in reasoning. Inductive reasoning is the process of drawing conclusions and generalizations from specific observation. For example a nurse may observe anxious behavior in children who are removed from their parents and conclude that separation is a stressful event.. Deductive reasoning. This is the process of developing specific predictions from general principles. For example, if you assume that separation anxiety occurs in children removed from their parents then you may predict that children, in your hospital will show signs of anxiety. So we have gone from a general assumption to a specific situation. So, induction is to make or develop a theory from actual observation or grounded in observation. Deduction is to have a hypothesis or a theory and then test it. These terms will become important when you are considering qualitative and quantitative research. Both of these reasoning systems are important for you to think about. They are both useful. But errors can also occur or faulty reasoning. However it may lead to the development of questions 6. The scientific method, which is considered the most objective and accurate way of developing knowledge. However, it, too, can certainly be questioned as you may discover but it is also considered one of the primary ways of developing knowledge. Beginning on p. 85 of Potter and Perry they describe the characteristics of research with a number of definitions you need to study. The sooner you grasp these concepts the better off you will be in future courses. To understand the research process and for your future endeavors I like to begin with the components of a research article in a journal. I have briefly described these below: Title: A succinct description of key elements of the study Running head: Usually a two to three word description of the key elements of the study, which runs at the top of each page. Abstract: A succinct paragraph describing key features of the study, the population studied, the variables manipulated; the findings and discussion point. Usually of 150 words or so. Literature Review: A summary of key research findings from other studies, which lead into your study. If you are studying in a new emerging field this may be short; if in a well established area it may be lengthy or, it might focus on one key area for instance of child development (i.e. there are numerous areas of child development-your study may be focused on cognitive development so it is not required to review all areas of child development within the literature review). The review should provide the reader with an understanding of the area, without missing key studies and without losing the audience with obscurely related information. The literature review should cover research related to your key variables of interest and should draw the reader into your hypotheses. Hypothesis: what you think the relationship between variables is. Depending on the level of research one might have an exploratory hypothesis or you may have predictive hypotheses suggesting the results are going to be in the direction of (one way or the other). This might be a good time to review any of the terms used thus far in Potter and Perry and especially look at table 6-2 which describes levels of research. It is difficult to keep a complex topic simple. Method: The method contains subsections. It usually begins with a description of the sample (who did you interview, who comprised your sample (children, parents, university students etc). One would also find how the sample was selected (was it randomized, was it a captured audience, was it every blonde haired blue eyed left handed boy) Detail is expected. The method section will also describe the research design and procedures. Both are essential for someone else who might say I don’t believe these results. I want to try and replicate the study. Which has been done with interesting results in many areas. Research designs are very complex and influence the type of statistical analysis that can be done. I refer you back to table 6-2 for a beginning understanding of this. Test in struments and their reliability and validity are also expected in the methodology section. Identification of independent and dependent variables would also be described here. The independent variable is that variable you are manipulating i.e. temperature of the room; the dependent variable are the observations you are making i.e. number of complaints of room temperature in a given interval of time. Results: This section will go through sample characteristics, main findings described pictorially sometimes in graphs or may be tables. Results are described matter of factly with little interpretation. Limitations of the study: these become important to the conclusions one can draw. For example if I were studying teen pregnancy and the needs of young mothers and my group ended up being older teens would this be representative of younger teens. Conclusions: This is where results can be interpreted and tied back to the literature review. Were findings supportive to the hypothesis or not and if not what might explain the findings. Implications for nursing practice: it would be found in nursing research studies, not often in other research. The application of nurs ing research is an important area for future discussion. As psychiatric nurses we must however be able to critique research. Sometimes it is conducted under ideal conditions where there is control over a number of variables and there may be difficulty applying it in the real world. That is perhaps why observations of a patients behavior may be better to understand their experience in the real world. Research is the use of a series of steps to gather objective knowledge and nursing research of course is the study of phenomenon of interest to nurses, which is often the patients response to illness and nursing interventions. The second point there is control but we have to understand what scientific research is attempting to state. It is the relationships between 2 variables. That is, if I do one thing will it influence another? So just to take a simple nursing example, we might theorize or predict that a patient who lies on their back for long periods will develop pressure sores. So if the patient is turned frequently and does not develop pressure sores we might conclude that turning is related to unbroken skin. Say, however, at the same time as turning the patients skin is gently massaged; now we cant tell if it is the turning or the massage that resulted in the unbroken and healthy skin. So this is what is meant by control of external factors. Sometimes you may hear this referred to as level of control over the variables of interest. If you are using the scientific method then you probably have a hypothesis you want to test and you would set up your experiment to either prove or disprove. This would be quantitative research. But if you are observing a phenomenon and want to study it in its natural state then you are more likely doing qualitative research. Qualitative research is particularly well suited to psychiatric nursing because it. involves gathering information about people’s experiences which we could use an instrument to assess which would give us a quantitative measure i.e., how traumatized were you 0-10. Asking a person to tell their story gives us significantly more information. Methods can be combined. The ethnographic qualitative research method tends to look at humans in their natural environment. This research always takes place in the field often over a long time. Collection and analysis of data takes place concurrently, as insights are gained new questions may emerge. Often the opinions of the people under study are sought which is very different from quantitative research where opinions and feelings are not considered valid. You will become m ore proficient at reading, understanding and critiquing research but there is no reason why you should not be locating and reading nursing research journals now. Research Principles and terms The practice of Psychiatric Nursing is guided by nursing knowledge. As a profession nursing has developed a unique body of knowledge, which guides the practice of nursing. There is a number of ways in which knowledge is developed and disseminated. They are listed in Potter Perry. Question: State 6 ways of acquiring knowledge. Polit and Hungler (1997) use these terms to describe the scientific research method: Disciplined Research. Research conducted within a disciplined format is the most sophisticated method of acquiring knowledge that humans have developed. Nursing research combines aspects of logical reasoning with other features to create systems of problem solving that, although fallible, tend to be more reliable than tradition, authority, personal experience, intuition, or inductive or deductive reasoning alone. (P.11) The scientific method does have its drawbacks however, it is conducted under ideal conditions and sometimes there may be difficulties in applying it to the real world. There are however two main categories of research Quantitative and Qualitative. Quantitative research follows the scientific model and has a series of clearly defined steps. Quantitative research Process Identify an issue Gather information? State the hypothesis? Review the literature? Design the study? Gather the data? Evaluate the findings Qualitative Research Qualitative research differs from quantitative in that it is a less linear process. It more often involves gathering information about individuals by observing them in their natural environment or through interviews. This type of research takes place in the field rather than the laboratory. The information is rich and varied and subject to the interpretation of the researcher. This is one of its limitations. Nurse researchers can be involved in either quantitative or qualitative research, but most importantly, nursing research should be able to be applied to psychiatric nursing practice. Here is a list of some research projects of psychiatric nurses: Examples of research studies conducted by nurses in Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health topics: Client expectation and perception of the nurse’s role in relationship to client satisfaction. A comparative study of widows’ and widowers’ perceived social support during the first year of bereavement. The effects of cognitive-behavioral nursing intervention for depressed patients and their families. Factors affecting staff nurses’ use of limit setting with disruptive patients. Nurses’ attitudes toward the suicidal patient. Nursing interventions with long-term patients in regard to their physical appearance: An evaluation study. The nurse’s therapeutic use of touch as related to withdrawn patients. Observable signs of anxiety or distress during psychiatric interviews conducted by nurses. Patient and situational factors that affect nursing students’ like or dislike of caring for patients A study of alcoholic patients’ perception of the role of the nurse. A study of the confidence level of nurses in caring for patients with depression. A study of psychiatric patients’ knowledge about their prescribed medications. Question: What do you think would be a good research topic for psychiatric nurses? Some terms to Learn in Relation to Research

Business Process Workflow Management Business Essay

Business Process Workflow Management Business Essay Business process management is important for both existing and new businesses. BPM is also known as Business Process Reengineering. It is a set of inter-related tasks that help companies maximize their present business processes and cope with future operational and organizational changes. An efficient business process saves and makes money for an organization. Workflow, in its very basic sense, is an implementation of the answers to the questions that arise in a business process. Workflow answers the questions, who? What? And When? in a business process. It is the movement of documents or tasks through a work process. Business process workflow management is an essential element in organizing a variety of business tasks and processes so that the business can be benefited as a whole. Workflow management systems range from the basic activities of a business to thousands of complex features. Workflow management helps business managers perform a lot of varying functions depending on the needs of the organization. Different businesses have different workflow management needs to perform varied functions for them. Some businesses need workflow management for organizing data available on the net; some need them for managing various business transactions whereas some need them for organizing and segregating all the documents of an enterprise. Workflow management is helpful to all kinds of business irrespective of their size. It helps them define and spot various processes that will help increase efficiency in the long run. Business process workflow management helps to define, create, execute and manage various processes within the organization itself and enhance business-to-business transactions to maximize productivity. It facilitates changes in the enterprise that are needed for its betterment and maximization of output and profits in the minimum time possible. It also helps an organization in spotting existing inefficiencies by keeping a constant check on their employees productivity. BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT JOURNALS Business process management is implemented to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of an enterprise by automating its business processes. The key factor involved in choosing a BPM solution is to choose one that will fit the organization in all situations, as conditions governing a business tend to change with fluctuations in market conditions. It is not feasible for an organization to change its BPM as and when situations change. Business re-engineering can mean serious trouble especially when applied by people who do not understand it. There are examples of thousands of organizations that were running into losses but subsequently, achieved remarkable profits due to well-managed BPM projects. The key to the success of these companies lay in applying BPM to their key business processes. Business process management journals play a key role in making businessmen aware of the prevailing business conditions and how to adapt to these changes by applying the right re-engineering and pro cess change projects. BPM journals are the premium channel for beginners, practitioners and researchers to acquire leading edge information related to current developments in BPM concepts, practices, tools and technologies. It is a helping aid for students studying BPM related areas and consultants who assist organizations in managing processes. They also provide useful articles that focus on quality and relevance. BPM journals provide information about developing business process management programs. They carry articles on a number of business activities that affect business efficiency and effectiveness. It provides information on integration and management of various activities that help in having an edge over the competitors. Occasionally, there exists a gap in understanding how to drive efficiency through a BPM approach even though one knows how to manage the various transactions. BPM journals help understanding the various BPM functions and helps filling up the gaps for true business performance. Some BPM journals provide insights into best practice management of key processes. These journals maintain a constant up date of all advancements made in the business field and illustrating the practical applicability of these through various case studies and examples. They also provide tips on how to manage business processes most effectively. BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE SOLUTION Business process management focuses on the automation and standardization of existing and future business processes. BPM is the key to maximizing an organizations revenue, quality and respond to customers needs in real time by reducing business process problems. BPM tools and techniques have been steadily gaining in popularity and use in many companies. In todays global business environment, the need for automation of various business processes, continuous innovation and flexibility is turning many enterprises to go for BPM. BPM software helps in understanding and simplifying the complex process of business management. It helps in recognizing the various sources of inefficiencies in a company. There are a few key factors that have to be kept in mind while selecting BPM software. One of these factors is the extent of technical support provided by the vendor. To avoid any technical hassles at a later stage, it is essential to speak with the customer care center of the software company before choosing the BPM software solution. This should be done considering the needs and requirements of the business. BPM software that fits in with a companys business needs to be determined before choosing a BPM software solution. The same software does not suit all kinds of businesses. Familiarity with the software installed is of utmost importance. Sufficient time should be given to this activity of getting trained in using the software. BPM software with features that are not used is an absolute waste of resources and time because the main purpose of BPM software is using minimum time and money and maximizing profit in the long run. Several magazines and reviews are available online to give valuable information regarding BPM software solutions. BPM software offers advantages of flexibility and cost savings across all fields of business and ease of use in the business world today. The objective should be to ensure quick return on investment and potential for long-term growth. A GUIDE TO BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT Business Process Management (BPM) helps an organization in adapting to changing conditions in the market place so as to remain competitive. BPM is also known as Business Process Reengineering. A well designed BPM system can help an enterprise run efficiently and effectively, move according to the companys regulations, and spot inefficiencies in the business activities and bottlenecks to the smooth flow of work. BPM systems help in recognizing certain situations that may pose trouble in the future. They enhance the overall quality and quantity of the various services and products being provided by the organization. BPM can be extremely useful to employees and top managers of an enterprise. It assists the top executives in monitoring business activities and employee productivity. It is helpful to the employees as it reduces their working hours. It also helps an organization in abiding by the governmental rules and regulations set for the business world. A good BPM helps an organization in avoiding the mistakes it has made in the past. It helps in business-to-business transactions. There are a lot of BPM guides available which can direct an enterprise towards the right choice of BPM so that it can make maximum use of all the benefits of BPM. These guides help in understanding various BPM systems that can be employed according to the needs and requirements of different companies. It shows how maximum profits can be obtained out of limited resources. The changing situation of business is the key factor to be considered while choosing a BPM system. BPM system should be useful in all situations, which affect the business. This is because the system cannot be changed as when the market conditions change. The efficiency of the company would be adversely affected if BPM systems were not changed in accordance with changing circumstances. BPM technologies increase an enterprises potential to offer quality services to its valued customers at the least cost. .

Essay on the Mysterious Pearl in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Lett

The Mysterious Pearl in The Scarlet Letter A few moments before Reverend Dimmsdale professes his sin to the crowd of onlookers, Hester's hopes of escape are dashed by the knowledge that Roger Chillingworth also booked a passage on the departing ship†¹a ship that she prayed would give her and her beloved freedom from the curse of the Scarlet Letter. Little Pearl, however, relays the message to her mother that her trip has been spoilt by the addition of the evil Chillingworth. A well-meaning sailor tells Pearl, "So let thy mother take no thought, save for herself and thee. Wilt thou tell her this, thou witch-baby?" (224), implying that an additional passenger will be aboard the ship come departure. Hester, paling after hearing the news, watches her utopian plans fall to ruins as the minister breathes his last breath and she is once again left alone with Pearl, without escape from her bondage. The term "witch-baby," though never r... ...tive connotation†¹rather, she seems steeped in another reality that is inaccessible by the puritans of Boston. The little girl tends to exist even outside the sphere of her outcast mother; Hawthorne, to prove the point of Pearl's mysterious identity, associates her with the sprites, elves and imps of a world that no human knows intimately. His constant use of "witchery" language gives Pearl a certain character sense that implies her fate as a unknown resident of another land.